Walk of Privilege free essay sample

I would get familiar with a great deal about myself, yet I truly didn’t. Rather than learning I like to consider it to be I went to an acknowledgment about my life. Furthermore, that was, that I am so extremely special, all the more then I had ever thought of previously. â€Å"The Walk of Privilege† that I took in my Anth 280 class made me perceive how fortunate I am. While we as a class all began in a similar spot, on a similar line, we as a whole wound up extremely far away from one another. A few of us in front of the line, and a few of us behind the line. While doing this activity not once did I make a stride back. I stepped forward however. Fourteen stages forward and no means back is demonstrating how special I truly was. I discovered that despite the fact that I thought I had it â€Å"rough† some of the time as a child, there were such huge numbers of individuals who had it much more terrible. We will compose a custom exposition test on Stroll of Privilege or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I saw that in my group. When â€Å"The Walk of Privilege† practice was finished and I was tallying my means in reverse to the beginning line a ton of my group was checking their means forward to the beginning line. That implies that they simply had such a large number of more battles then I would have ever envisioned having in my life. However, we as a whole have been acknowledged and are going to University of Illinois which is a broadly positioned school, and a standout amongst other exploration colleges in the country. What did I find out about my schoolmates from our aggregate Walk of Privilege? Well I discovered that I had an incredibly simple life contrasted with certain individuals. One inquiry that stood out in my mind after our aggregate walk was the one about food. â€Å"If you at any point needed to avoid a supper or were ravenous in light of the fact that there was insufficient cash to purchase food when you were growing up, make one stride back. This was question twelve on our aggregate Walk of Privilege and when I saw a decent gathering of my group step back a bit of my heart broke for them. This little conversation class of just 17 individuals developed to be an indispensable and significant piece of my week. Despite the fact that we didn't concede to each subject this gathering caused me to feel at home in any event, when however I am so distant from home. Heading off to this class was something I anticipated each week and to perceive what number of individuals couldn't bear the cost of food at some point was miserable to me. Something else I saw was that a few people in the class didn’t end up where I figured they would have. I had assumed that a few the young ladies that I had gotten close with would be up with me, further away from the beginning stage, yet they weren’t. Both of them stuck near one another, which I ascribed to the reality they experienced childhood in a similar spot, yet still they were not near me. I have my sincere beliefs and musings regarding why they were not near me, however I don’t feel as though it is correct or important to talk about the reasons why I assume they were not further away from the beginning line. At the point when I state the word America the principal contemplations that ring a bell are; joined together, we are no different, quest for bliss, opportunity, and so forth. Be that as it may, after our aggregate Walk of Privilege I have come to understand that is the thing that America used to speak to however less any longer. How might we call ourselves joined together or one in a similar when even in only a class of 17 there is such assorted variety. A lot of my group is from a similar state, Illinois, and still, at the end of the day they are for the most part so extraordinary. America used to be where you could discover opportunity, and make your own bliss yet now it is a position of such assorted variety, destitution, and defilement that it is almost difficult to call all of us one. An article that truly places this into viewpoint for me was, â€Å"Crack in Spanish Harlem: Culture and Economy in the Inner City† by Philippe Bourgois. In this article Bourgois composes on the way of life of Spanish Harlem and how once you are in the medication or sex business it is difficult to get out, and that it is difficult to escape Spanish Harlem all in all regardless of whether you aren’t associated with those organizations. The thing is, is that this article is expounded on a spot in America. I know I didn’t experience childhood in a spot anyplace like this. I experienced childhood in a curious minimal seaside town in Maine. This is the reason I can’t consider America to be joined together, or that everybody in America is â€Å"one in the equivalent. † I promise Allegiance to the banner of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one country under God, resolute, with Liberty and Justice for all. This is the thing that our nation and we as American’s should live our lives. However, in the entirety of our readings I feel as though America is definitely not unified. Benefit, opportunity, and life course, well these are on the whole words I never thought I had in my life until I did the Walk of Privilege and read all the articles for class. I experienced childhood in a working class, white, Christian family, in an all white neighborhood, in the province of Maine, which was casted a ballot the most tranquil state to live in the previous eleven years. I didn’t have an unpleasant life, and I don’t have a tragic account about how my folks were separated and it was so difficult growing up or anything. I learned I am so fortunate, and that I ought to never underestimate what I have. Being 14 strides in front of the We are a country with 312,780,968 individuals. We as a whole have various pasts, various fates, various religions, various races, and openings. The main normal factor is that we are Americans. But then we as a whole go for the Stroll of Privilege regular. It may not be that we step forward ordinary or steps back. We may remain set up for quite a while, however in any event we are attempting. A few of us end up path in front of the beginning line. This doesn’t mean we are better then those near the line or a long ways behind it. The individuals who are behind the beginning line simply had various fights then those increasingly advantaged. The way that they are as yet battling, and attempting to discover their satisfaction climate it be seeking after their training, or getting a superior payed line of work, at any rate they are battling.

Macbeth and the Jacobean Scot

In Macbeth, the Jacobean Scot, and the Politics of the Union, Sharon Alker and Holly Faith Nelson exhibit a very much educated conclusion regarding the connection between the possibility of the Jacobian Scot and it’s doubtful connection, or deficiency in that department, to William Shakespeare’s Elizabethan play, Macbeth. In spite of the fact that numerous researchers think that its simple to draw an association between the conventional Jacobian Scot that was normally introduced in Elizabethan plays during the Jacobian time, Alker and Nelson look to feature the equivocal idea of the play by exhibiting the different manners by which it tends to be perused as well as deciphered. This, yet Alker and Nelson likewise figure out how to reveal insight into the clashing parts of Macbeth according to it’s association with Jacobean thoughts and depictions of Scots at that point. At the time that Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth, is thought to have been acted in 1606, a gigantic change was making it’s route across what we presently allude to as Great Britain. During this time, the previous lord of Scotland, James VI, turned into the ruler of England because of the Union of Crowns, following the demise of his cousin, Queen Elizabeth I of England. This association caused a lot of erosion among Scotland and England, the same number of English felt forced upon and believed the Scottish to be second rate and fairly uncouth in their manners. Because of the mentalities of numerous English individuals towards the Scottish during the Elizabethan period, the Scottish were frequently portrayed as individuals who were against what was believed to be â€Å"legitimate† authority by the English, alongside being spoken to as lesser than and needing subjection to the English. The run of the mill ‘stage Scot’ was regularly depicted as dualistic, ailing in reliability, and nosy of other’s property in their persevering desire for power. Be that as it may, there were three distinct perspectives with respect to the association of England and Scotland. One English view believed that English frameworks and such ought to be generally predominant across Britain, while another view (for the most part called for by Scots) looked to fairness by keeping up political and strict establishments independently. The third view, held for the most part by the individuals who bolstered King James, looked for a solidarity â€Å"in the hearts and brains of the two people groups. Because of the way that Macbeth is thought to have been acted in the time between the proposition of these 3 arrangements and the genuine usage of any new approaches, numerous pundits accept that the play is an immediate portrayal of English perspectives on the ‘Jacobian Scotâ €™. As opposed to this thought, Alker and Nelson might want to â€Å"demonstrate that Shakespeare’s Macbeth doesn't present a specific situation on the Anglo-Scottish legislative issues that characterizes itself according to the conviction arrangement of one little political body†. Rather, Alker and Nelson did an increasingly adaptable perusing of the play that comprised of potential relations to any of the three models of the association. As a matter of first importance, Alker and Nelson bring the character of Macbeth into thought, as he isn't just the principle character of the play, yet in addition locally Scottish. In spite of the fact that Macbeth seems to keep up all the customary attributes of a Jacobian Scot: backstabbing, subordinate, and brutal, Alker and Nelson call attention to the qualities of Macbeth that remain in complete difference to this conventional model. In the first place, the customary stage Scot could never have honorable qualities, for example, reliability, family relationship, and neighborliness. Be that as it may, in Shakespeare’s play the Scottish character of Macbeth, however grieved and tricky, is perused to have such characteristics some place in the make-up of his cognizant. This is clear in Macbeth’s to and fro ideas of whether to slaughter the ruler and increase force or save his steadfastness to the lord and keep up his trustworthiness as one of Duncan’s kinfolk. In spite of the fact that Macbeth at last demonstrates to permit malice and self-centeredness to govern his choices, the horrifying thought of good and bad that Macbeth battles through preceding killing Duncan shows that Macbeth isn't just a primitive animal driven exclusively by eagerness and want. Or maybe, Macbeth is seen working through his clashing want for force and his code of respect and feeling of regard for the ruler. The ordinary stage Scot ordinarily would not typify such characteristics as blame as well as regret. Additionally, there is a clue that Macbeth may not completely comprehend his own wants and activities, as he was not at first determined by power when the witches first prophesized his coming kinghood. Rather, it was Banquo who initially showed fervor and tension at the witches’ prediction and prodded later energy and desire in Macbeth. Alongside Banquo, Lady Macbeth is depicted to having been progressively yearning towards thoughts of intensity and authority than Macbeth initially was. This part of the play indicates the way that Macbeth was helped, or prompted his vicious ways, instead of independently imagining an insidious homicide plan against the lord. The customary depiction of the stage Scot would be that of obstinate, relentless, unseemly, and uninterested with obligations or issues of dependability. On account of Macbeth, he was pretty much guided into such attributes as he was administered by his wife’s tenacious want for power so as to initially gather up such dangerous thoughts and thoughts. The run of the mill stage Scot would have had these characteristics at first, without the need of any kind of support. Taking everything into account, the character of Macbeth in Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth, as Alker and Nelson would contend, remain rather than the job of the average Jacobian Scot that was predominately introduced in Elizabethan plays. In spite of the fact that Macbeth at last had a considerable lot of the attributes that the customary Jacobian Scot would have, he additionally held numerous opposing qualities. Where Scots were ordinarily depicted as shameless and brutal, coming up short on any feeling of blame as well as thought for other people, Macbeth is depicted as a less-difficult, repentant character that is loaded up with nervousness and intelligent dualism over any kind of offense or wrong doing he considers. Thusly, in spite of the fact that Macbeth might be perused as an abhorrent and narrow minded character driven by covetousness and different qualities thought to have been credited to Scottishness, he can likewise be perused as a remorseful and cognizant stricken man whose inward disturbance is the aftereffect of clashing impulses of ethical quality and of intensity.

The Best Books Youve Never Heard of

The Best Books Youve Never Heard of There can be a lot of pressure to keep up with the must-reads. Whether theyre classics or hot new releases, its easy to feel like everyone has read X title but me! And although it can be fun to ride along with the most-hyped books, there are plenty of brilliant books youve never heard of out there that are languishing in obscurity. With so much being published every day, its impossible not to have some titles be left behind and forgotten. So we wanted to share some of our favorite books that havent gotten the attention that they deserve. We used a completely arbitrary cut off line: books that have fewer than 100 ratings on Goodreads. We hope this helps you discover some great books youve never heard of! Go Gator and the Muddy Water by Zora Neale Hurston In college, I did a bunch of research on Florida writers, and I became enamored with Zora Neale Hurston. Everyone has read Their Eyes Are Watching God, but most tend not to go too much deeper than that, which is a shame. Go Gator and the Muddy Water contains a great deal of Hurston’s writing from the Federal Writers’ Project as well as folktales and reportage. If you want to really understand Hurston’s writing within its historical and cultural context, this is the book you need to read. â€"Rebecca Renner Playboy and the Making of the Good Life in Modern America by Elizabeth Fraterrigo When I was looking through my Goodreads for books with a low number of reviews, they were, like, 99% really dense feminist and queer theory books. Thanks, MA in Gender Studies! So yes, this is an academic socio-historical book, but it’s absolutely fascinating. Fraterrigo explores the history of Playboy and the legacy of Hugh Hefner who, like him or not, played an enormous role in the public perception of sexuality from the prudish 1950s to the “free love” 1960s. It’s an excellent exploration of masculinity, leisure, sexual liberation, and luxury. If you’re interested in gender, sexuality, and history, don’t sleep on this one! â€"Susie Dumond Nan-Core by Mahokaru Numata Ever since I started reading Natsuo Kirino several years ago, Ive been intrigued by Japanese thrillers, specifically the subgenre called iyamisu (roughly translates to “eewww”) which explores the darkest parts of human nature. Eventually this led me to Nan-Core, one of the few thats been translated into English and released in the U.S. Ryo’s mother has just died and his father is terminally ill when he finds four notebooks in his parents’ house. The notebooks are the confession of a woman who has killed several people and Ryo finds he has strange childhood memories triggered. Ryo tries to find out who wrote the notebooks, if what they describe is real or fantasy, and how they connect to him. â€"Jessica Woodbury Untangling the KnOt: Queer Voices On marriage, Relationships, and Identity  edited by Carter Sickels When the Supreme Court legalized gay marriage, I was a lot less enthusiastic than many other queer folks. This fantastic essay anthology beautifully articulates exactly how I feel about it: while marriage equality is absolutely worth celebrating, queer relationships and queer family come in all shapes and sizes, not just marriage. The essays in this anthology come from voices often underrepresented in the queer community: trans folks, people of color, immigrants, polyamorous folks, and people whose families, for many reasons, are not recognized by the law. The essays are raw and powerful and tell so many important stories that I want everyone to hear. This is the book I want to give to young queer people, because it explores the full spectrum of the queer experience: vast, messy, and complicated. Some of the essays contradict each other, and that’s just as it should be, because queer people are not a monolith. This book is a wonderful celebration of found family and all the various manifestations of queer love. I come back to again and again, and learn something new every time. â€"Laura Sackton Vexation Lullaby by Justin Tussing First off, the cover of this book is beautiful and the first few pages feature a description of the end of a concert that captures perfectly that weird moment between the intensity of the last song and the lights coming up when the audience abruptly goes back to real life. The story follows an aging rocker, Jimmy Cross, on tour and several people in his orbit, including a doctor that may or may not have a personal connection to Cross, and a super fan that attends and documents every show. The thing I love most about this book is the attention to and dissection of Cross’s song lyrics. If you’re a music fan in love with concerts, bootleg tapes, and the nuances of a live cut from one city to the next, you’re going to want to check out Vexation Lullaby.   â€"Dana Lee A Drama in Muslin by George Moore If you like Jane Austen, you’ll like A Drama in Muslin. In this Irish novel, a mother from Co. Mayo tries to marry off her daughters in the shifting social climate of 1880s Dublin society. Yet the book has a bit more meat than the average Austen novel, acknowledging the political context of the time and the Land Wars upheaving the social order. The main character, Alice, goes through a really satisfying character arc in which she has a moral awakening regarding her own privileged class. The book is also refreshingly feminist, referring to the girls as “muslin martyrs” and revealing the injustices they face in a society where they are only valued if married off. â€"Emily Polson Strangers (The Reckoner #1) by David A. Robertson An incredible start to a YA fantasy series based in traditional trickster narratives. This book did a really fantastic job of creating characters and situations that were believable yet fantastical. Imagine if Eden Robinson wrote a young adult series. I feel like this would be a hit with anyone who loves the traditional hero/heroine chosen one storylines, X-Men, and own voices narratives. â€"Danielle Bourgon From Absinthe to Zest:  An Alphabet for Food Lovers by Alexandre Dumas Yep, that’s rightâ€"the Three Musketeers guy wrote an alphabetical treasure about food, for food lovers. This cute little book (it looks like it could fit in your pocket) takes us from A to Z, covering foods that we’ve heard of (oysters, vanilla) to those that are less conventional, at least to Western audiences (bear meat, anyone? kangaroo?). Preparation notes included in addition to Dumas’s particular thoughts on each food. This makes a great gift for the food lover in your life (and if you are the food lover in your life, get ready, because this is a fun read). â€"Dana Staves Juanita by Leo Politi This is a classic children’s book set in Los Angeles, specifically on Olvera Street, the Latina neighborhood.  Politi’s beautiful watercolors show four-year-old Juanita taking a dove to The Old Mission Church for the Blessing of the Animals before Easter. Juanita was runner up for the 1948 Caldecott, and Politi won in 1950 for Song of the Swallows, notable recognition in a time when Italians were not necessarily considered white people. Juanita is my favorite, partly because of reading it across several generations of my family, and partly for its sweet, beautiful story. â€"Aimee Miles The Girl Who Married the Moon: Tales from Native North America edited by Joseph Bruchac and Gayle Ross This is one of my favorite collections of Native American folklore. Each traditional folktale features strong, young Native women navigating the time between childhood and becoming an adult. If you’ve ever heard anyone say fairytales can’t be feminist, here’s a collection to give them. It’s geared toward young adults, but readers of any age would enjoy it. â€"Margaret Kingsbury Wild Kingdom  by Vijay Seshadri The poetry of Wild Kingdom blends together scenes of city and scenes of wilderness seamlessly as one place of interesting creatures with similar challenges and philosophy. Most of the collection features poems of a few short stanzas with blasts of images and unexpected conceits. â€"Christina M. Rau The Great Libraries: From Antiquity to Renaissance by Konstantinos Sp Staikos Who doesn’t love an awesome library???? This coffee table-sized book is filled with illustrations and photos of the greatest libraries the world has ever known. Not only is it total eye candy, but it’s packed full of fascinating information, stories, and history. This is the only book I’ve ever seriously considered outright stealing from my library and keeping for myself, and TBH I’m kinda upset I didn’t because someone else did. Damn it. â€"Tasha Brandstatter The World in Flames: A Black Boyhood in a White Supremacist Doomsday Cult by Jerald Walker I am shocked this memoir doesn’t have a billion reviews just based on the title having made everyone and their mother want to read it. Seriously, Walker grew up in a doomsday cult (world is going to end on X day) that was segregated. So not only was he growing up in a cult, he wasn’t allowed to interact with any of the white members, which was basically the whole cult. It’s a fascinating and heartbreaking memoir told matter of factly, which places the reader in his childhood rather than having anger and resentment towards the situation or his parentsâ€"two people whod been born sighted and due to separate childhood accidents became blind and were fueled by the promise of sight to join and stay in the cult. â€"Jamie Canaves The Jazz Files (Poppy Denby Investigates #1) by Fiona Veitch Smith This was one of the most fun books I read in ages and I can’t believe it only has like 60 reviews! It’s been out a couple years now, too, so let’s give it, and the whole series, some love. In this book, 22-year old Poppy Denby is leaving her parents’ home in the north of England to go to London to be a companion/caregiver to her ailing aunt, Dot, who had been paralyzed in a suffragette protest before WWI. Now it is 1920 and Poppy is eager to go to London and set out on her own. Dot, though, doesn’t tell her that she’s actually going to get her a job at a local newspaper, which sets Poppy off on an entirely different track, and throws her into the path of danger when she uncovers a dangerous plot. The whole story was fast-paced and tautly written with exceptionally fun characters. Poppy is one of my new favorite lady characters. Flapper ladies taking charge! â€"Kristen McQuinn 47,000 Beads written  by  Koja Adeyoha and  Angel Adeyoha, and illustrated by  Holly McGillis This is a beautifully illustrated picture book about Peyton, who is struggling with feeling like she doesnt match the gender expectations of her. Her family, recognizing this struggle, all come together to prepare a gift to show Peyton that they accept her and teach her about what being two-spirit means. The author is also a two-spirit indigenous (Lakota) person. I think every elementary school and public library should have a copy of this! â€"Danika Ellis Hero Worship  by Rebekah Matthews This is simultaneously one of my favourite books, and one of the books that was the most painful for me to read.  Valerie is a twenty-something who’s had a string of bad relationships and is still trying to figure herself out. She is writing letters to her ex-girlfriend, trying to deal with how much she misses her, though she’s not sure how much the girlfriend ever even liked her. Valerie’s desperate desire for love and attention was uncomfortably relatable, making me flinch sympathetically almost every other page. â€"Danika Ellis I encourage you to check out your own favorite little-known books! Click on your Read shelf and select sort by Num ratings on the white bottom bar. You might be surprised by which books get the most attention.

Case Study International Human Resource Management Essay

Case study Introduction The case study tells about the future profitable growth of the Padi- cepat a Malaysian company. The company has instant food, beverages and baking products business. In this company have different technologies for marketing strategies. Judgment is needed to identify the growth of the company so they look after the PBIT. In the time of 1990s they provide expansion opportunities Malaysian company pedi-cepat planned export offices in India, Singapore and Japan bit it fails. After the crisis, they expanded to Europe and the Middle East. Expand to Oceana for the better growth. This report focused the international human resource management to the padi- cepat company. Discussion Padi-cepat a Malaysian company faced lots of international human resource management challenges they are: National culture, expatriate adjustment, function and assignment failures, workforce diversity and labor relations, public infrastructure, health and lifestyle. National culture Multinational companies consider the culture is an important factor because they send employees to overseas companies to control and supervise the subsidiaries. It is one of the abilities to adjust the overseas culture. This adjustment will affect their assignments although it affects the organization. (strubler et al., 2011, p10). The employees of Padi-cepat should be aware about the cultural differences and adopt the culture and make profit to the company Expatriate adjustment According to Puck etShow MoreRelatedCASE STUDY: INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT7303 Words   |  30 PagesInternational Human Resource Management Assignment (PROFESSOR CLIFF LOCKYER) GROUP NO. 7 ï ¿ ½ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The practise of Human Resources is moving from the traditional forms of managing people to a more strategic form whereby the Human Resources function is closely linked with organisational performance and success. This strategic form of human resources has increased the need for the Human Resource professional to understand the linkages between Corporate Strategy, Human Resource StrategyRead MoreCase Study - JKL International plc. International Human Resource Management5024 Words   |  21 PagesCase Study - JKL International plc. International Human Resource Management CONTENTS 4Case Study- JKL International plc. International Human Resource Management ï ¿ ½ 4Introduction ï ¿ ½ 4Organisational Context (Case Study) ï ¿ ½ 5Part One: Expatriates Management and Cross culture management in Multinational Corporations ï ¿ ½ 5Introduction ï ¿ ½ 5Expatriates and Organisation Problems and Proposals for Changes ï ¿ ½ 5Expatriates ï ¿ ½ Organisation 7 Conclusion 8 Part Two: 9Appraise The Decentralised Managerial SystemsRead MoreTraining Needs Assessment, Evaluation, Success, And Organizational Strategy And Effectiveness1035 Words   |  5 Pagessuccess, and organizational strategy and effectiveness: An exploration of the relationships. (Doctoral dissertation, Utah State University. Logan, UT). 2. Appelbaum, S.H., Ayre, H. Shapiro, B.T. (2002). Career management in information technology: A case study. Career Development International, 7(3), 142-158. 3. Arokiasamy, L., Ismail, M., Ahmad, A. Othman, J. (2011). Predictors of academics’ career advancement at Malaysian private universities. Journal of European Industrial Training, 35(6), 589-605Read MoreImpact of Acquisition on Employees Performance: A case Study of RBS818 Words   |  4 PagesAfter acquisition of any firm/ organization management need to motivate their employees and make them feel satisfied about their jobs, if the employees feel satisfied they perform their duties efficiently and when acquired firm’s employee performed best it directly affect the acquired firm’s performance. Motivation is very necessary in any field when an employee get motivated they perform their duty with the best of their knowledge and try to work hard. According to different researcher there areRead MoreOrganisational Culture and Motivation1496 Words   |  6 Pagesprimary activities among others. One of the core values of XY is development of loyal and dedicated staff as it is their belief that at XY People are the most valuable asset. The effect on culture on motivating employees is a key concern of the Human Resource (HR) Manager of XY since he has observed symptoms of reduced employee productivity, high turnover of employees and deterioration of sales in the recent times. It is considered that investigating the reasons behind the aforementioned symptoms isRead MoreThe Impact Of Japanese Culture On Corporate Culture792 Words   |  4 Pagesof Japanese Management (Pascale and Athos 1981). The trend continued with two books that concentrated closely on American industry, Corporate Cultures (Deal and Kennedy 1982) and The Change Masters (Kanter 1983), and surpass to perhaps the book that best exemplifies this trend, In Search of Excellence (Peters and Waterman 1982). These academic scholars continued to generate books on management throughout the decade. (Denison, p. 1) These books have a different viewpoint on management that is differentRead MoreTraining and Development Literature Review Essay14850 Words   |  60 Pagesprogramme for their staff but they always have to bear in mind that to increase their chances of achieve the target they must follow the five points highlighted by Miller and Desmarais (2007). According to Davenport (2006), mentioned in his recent studies that it’s easy to implement strategy with the internet supported software. Some of the Training theories can be effective immediately on the future of the skill and developments. The â€Å"content† and the â€Å"access† are the actual factors for the processRead MoreOrganizational Socialization and Job Satisfaction1519 Words   |  7 Pagesrewarding, or outright stressful, and demeaning. A person who is happy with his or her job demonstrates a positive attitude about the job. Several factors play a key role in how a person feels about his or her job such as emotional intelligence of management, work conditions, pay, promotions, compensation, advancement opportunities, benefits, communication, and recognition. Impact of Organizational Socialization on Job Satisfaction Organizational Socialization can be defined as, â€Å"The process by whichRead MoreEnterprise Industrial Relations Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pagescritically examines the case for and against changing existing legislature with reference to contemporary research and practitioner evidence. The Case for Changing Industrial Relations 2011 was a period of particularly active discussion amongst Australian businesses with regard to interpretation of the Fair Work Act (FWA) a relatively new piece of legislation introduced against the context of a difficult economic environment and continued challenges with workforce management (Todd, 2012:334). WhilstRead MoreTraining: Human Resource Management and Economic Downturn Essay examples3402 Words   |  14 PagesTraining is a waste of time and money because it does not impact organizational bottom line and employees do not retain training material. Thus, when the economy is weak organizations should not spend money and other resources on employees training and development. Outline your arguments for or against this point of view. Introduction Training is one of the business activities that take place in nearly all organizations regardless of their industries. One of the incentives for them to launch

The Ethical Issues Of Physician Assisted Suicide - 1586 Words

Physician Assisted Suicide Physician Assisted Suicide Is it Right or Wrong? The ethical issues of physician-assisted suicide are both emotional and controversial, as it ranks right up there with abortion. Some argue physician assisted suicide is ethically permissible for a dying person who has choosing to escape the unbearable suffering at the end of life. Furthermore, it is the physician’s duty to alleviate the patients suffering, which at times justifies providing aid-in -dying. These arguments rely a great deal on the respect for individual autonomy, which recognizes the rights of competent people to choose the timing and manner of their death, when faced with terminal illness. Others have argued that physician assisted suicide is not ethically permissible, because it contradicts the traditional duty of physician’s to preserve life and to do no harm. Furthermore, many argue that if physician assisted suicide is legalized, abuses would take place, because as social forces condone the practice, it will lead to â€Å"slippery slope† that forces (PAS) on the disabled, elderly, and the poor, instead of providing more complex and expensive palliative care. While these arguments continue with no end in sight, more and more of the terminally ill cry out in agony, for the right to end their own suffering. While the main issue that surrounds physician-assisted suicide is pain control, for the terminally ill, proponents are still unwilling to compromise. However, if both proponents andShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Issue Of Physician Assisted Suicide1580 Words   |  7 Pagesvice and virtue, this paper explores the relevance of Aristotle’s moral philosophy in modern day and will be applied to the contemporary ethical issue surrounding physician assisted suicide. By exploring Aristotle’s work through primary and secondary sources, this paper will discuss the greater good and happiness as it relates to not only the patient or physician, but as a member of a greater social circle and that of society because to Aristotle the role of the individual is less important than theirRead MoreThe Ethical Issues Of Physician Assisted Suicide Essay1736 Words   |  7 PagesEuthanasia is described as the intentional discontinuation, by the patient s physician, of vital treatment that could prolong the person s life. Assisted suicide occurs when a health care worker provides a patient with tools and/or medication that will help the patient kill him or herself, without the direct intervention of the care provider. This paper will define key terms for my argument against Physician Assisted Death, and why I believe it’s wrong, where I will provide a brief background ofRead MoreThe Legal And Ethical Issues Involving Physician Assisted Suicide1134 Words   |  5 Pageswhat conditions is physician assisted suicide morally acceptable, is the question at hand and did these states make the right decision on such a slippery slope debate. This paper will go on to explain one side of this very touchy debate, it will also consider objections from the other side, and ultimately defend the position physician assisted suicide is wrong not only morally but also, ethically. My argument for this thesis is provided below: P1: Physician assisted suicide violates the doctor’sRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide : Controversial Healthcare And Political Realms Alike1218 Words   |  5 Pages Physician-Assisted Suicide Elissa Munoz-Tucker University of Arizona Abstract Physician-assisted suicide is controversial in healthcare and political realms alike. Currently, this end-of-life option is practiced in five states within the United States. Social concerns regarding assisted suicide revolve around ethical quandaries; providing the means to a patient’s death is contradictory to ethical principles of healthcare providers. Political concerns surroundingRead MoreEthical Considerations in Dealing with Changes in the Healthcare System929 Words   |  4 Pagessociety, ethical considerations are becoming a major factor in dealing with changes in the healthcare system. A topic of consideration that creates controversial discussion is the subject of physician-assisted suicide. Physician-assisted suicide is described as the act in which a physician provides the means necessary for the client to perform the act of suicide. The issue of physician-assisted suicide is viewed through many different perspectives. The topic of physician-assisted suicide has beenRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide, When Is It Acceptable?1709 Words   |  7 PagesPhysician-Assisted Suicide, When is it acceptable? Assisted suicide had raised issues of great importance in the society particularly the most controversial of all, the physician assisted suicide in the health care field. Since Oregon and other states implemented the legalization of physician assisted suicide, the debates continues. The U.S. Supreme Court decisions in 1997 and the Pain Relief Promotion Act of 2000 (H.R. 5544) have kept these topics on the policy of the national agenda, along withRead MoreUtilitarian And Virtue Ethics Of Physician Assisted Suicide1314 Words   |  6 PagesPhysician Assisted Suicide Physician assisted suicide or PAS is a controversial topic in the world today. But the important question is, should physician assisted suicides be allowed in cases such as: the patient’s suffering is far too great and there is no chance of them getting better? This is a highly debated issue, that has activist groups on both sides fighting for what they think is the right thing to do. Physician assisted suicides can stop the excruciating pain a patient is in, especiallyRead MoreEuthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide1629 Words   |  7 Pagesillnesses or major health problems, assisted suicide creates options to reduce the amount of suffering the patient must enduring. Dying with dignity could be beneficial for not only the person who is dying, but also the person’s family and loved ones. This option, however, is often viewed as unethical and immoral throughout society. Physician-assisted suicide offers an option for those with health issues but poses various et hical and social issues. Assisted death is practiced in two differentRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide And Voluntary Euthanasia1348 Words   |  6 PagesPhysician-assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia is still under scrutiny for a number of reasons. â€Å"In spring, 1996, the Ninth and Second Circuits were the first circuit courts in the country to find a constitutional prohibition against laws which make physician-assisted suicide a crime† (Martyn Bourguignon, 1997). New York was one of the states that followed this prohibition. Eventually, The Ninth and Second Circuit, â€Å"allow physician-assisted suicide while attempting to protect individuals fromRead MorePHI 103 Final1311 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Should Physician-Assisted Suicide Be Legal? Eileen K. Cordova PHI 103 Instuctor James Hardy July 11, 2013 SHOULD PHYSICIAN ASSISTED SUICIDE BE LEGAL Physician-assisted suicide has been a controversial topic for over a decade now. In today’s society, physician-assisted suicide brings so many ehtical questions as such, who is the true owner of our lives? Should releiving pain and suffering always be the highest priority, or does it occure for a reason?

Human Rights in History - 1119 Words

Throughout history, human rights have been violated and there have been people trying to fight for their rights but many have failed. Each human being has the same equal rights at the time of birth and that should not change at any given moment. Human rights entitle a person’s right to freedom of expression and movement, equality before the law, the rights to live, right to education, religion, and to own property as it states in the (preamble). People all around the world should know and understand what human rights are; if more people would know their own rights then it would be easier for them to promote justice, not only for themselves, but also for their society. Human rights should be taken in consideration for the reasons that many people’s rights are being violated all around the world when they shouldn’t. Every country has different beliefs on how human rights should be handled, but in reality the only thing that matters is what is written in the preamble. RT reporter stated â€Å"A report on human rights violations, law abuses, use of torture, inhuman treatment and other crimes in Ukraine from the end of November 2013 to the end of March 2014, which was named the White Book . For example, on February 19, several buses with activists returning to Crimea, both men and women were severely tortured and were dragged out of the buses and were beaten with bats and were soaked with gasoline and were threatened to get set on fire. One of the men in the group of activists wasShow MoreRelatedHuman Rights in History1779 Words   |  7 PagesNot only has it taken several years for human rights to be a legitimate international conce rn throughout the world, it is yet to be settled. They are still under development and require a range of actions before human rights are fully enforced. But what are human rights? Human rights could be defined in various number of statements. It could be people gifted with a set of rights and protections because they are human. Or simply, a right which belongs to every individual. With a number of major treatiesRead MoreThe History of Human Rights in Canada throughout the 20th Century1555 Words   |  7 Pagespeace-loving and good-natured nation that values the rights of the individual above all else. This commonly held belief is a perception that has only come around as of late, and upon digging through Canadian history it quickly becomes obvious that this is not the truth. Canadian history is polluted with numerous events upon which the idea that Canada is a role model for Human Rights shows to be false. An extreme example of this disregard for Human Rights takes place at the beginning of the twentieth-centuryRead MoreHuman Rights for Native Americans Trampled throughout History889 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica is, and was, never as equal as we like to think. Most of that comes from us, as humans, thinking that we are superior to other races, genders, or groups of people in general. First we had issues with how we treated the Native Americans when the colonists arrived. Yes the colonists tried to have as little conflict as possible, when they came over to settle this new land, they saw the Natives as â€Å"savages†. From then on, we used them as slaves, which progressed into slavery of other races, HispanicsRead MoreEssay on Brief History and Introduction of Privacy and Human Rights2741 Words   |  11 PagesBrief History and Introduction of Privacy and Human Rights From Article 21 of the Japan Constitution states, â€Å"Freedom of assembly and association as well as speech, press and all other forms of expression are guaranteed. No censorship shall be maintained, nor shall the secrecy of any means of communication be violated.† Article 35 states, â€Å"The right of all persons to be secure in their homes, papers and effects against entries, searches and seizures shall not be impaired except upon warrantRead MoreHuman Rights Issues in China783 Words   |  3 Pagesthe surrounding world, but China has always been a very independent nation. One of the most controversial topics that is discussed worldwide being Human Rights, China has been known(notorious for) to disregarding them, even though there are International Human Rights Laws. The Chinese government has developed a system of internal laws regarding human rights, but don’t enforce them on their own citizens. As a result of this, the people of China don’t mind. It is an important part of Chinese culture toRead MoreHuman Service Course History Paper1447 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Service Course History Paper Nikki Boswell Western Washington University â€Æ' Introduction The year is 2015 and I can’t imagine not having the freedom I do today. Marriage equality is a very recent topic in history. It wasn’t very long ago that laws prohibited the marriage of same-sex couples. I have decided to investigate the history of marriage equality and the organizations that helped make the dream come true. In order to fully understand the changes that occurred, and to comprehend the levelRead MoreEssay on Lack Of Human Rights In The World946 Words   |  4 PagesLocke would write that all men had the right to life, liberty and property. These ideas illustrated a major attempt at reform for the issues of human rights. Likewise, throughout the course of history humanity has faced countless conflicts over the impending question, â€Å"What rights are humans obliged to?† Many civilizations throughout the course of history have had many diverse answers to this question. Seemingly, historic civilizations have had a variety of rights that were given to the people. The answerRead MoreCase Profile For The Council For Human Rights725 Words   |  3 PagesCase Profile for The Council for Human Rights Chris Surfus, MBA, MPA Western Michigan University School of Public Affairs and Administration PADM-6400 Nonprofit Governance Professor Kelly Trusty, Ph.D. August 17, 2015 Case Profile for The Council for Human Rights Introduction Organization History The Council for Human Rights, formerly known as The Tolerance, Equality, and Awareness Movement or â€Å"TEAM,† is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt human rights organization that was founded in MarchRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1134 Words   |  5 Pages History is one of the topics in education, which teaches us important events of the past and helps us to understand the events of the present. Many people can be remembered in history for their past in shaping the world and the lives of some people. Looking back critically at history. One might be tempted to conclude that events in history have always evolved around human rights race relationships and power. In this paper, I will focus on the themes of racism, human rights, and power and how

Critique on Mm Theory free essay sample

It does not matter what the firms dividend policy is (Modigliani and Miller 958). The basic assumptions of MM theory are: 1 . The company only has the long-term bonds and common stocks, both bonds and stock trade in the complete capital market with no transaction cost; 2. The individual investors and corporate investors could gain the same interest rate with no liability risk; 3. The companies with similar operating conditions have the same business risks; 4. Investors hold the same expectations on the average business profit in future; 5. All cash flows are perpetual annuities, including EBIT (Earnings before interest and tax) etc, that is, the growth ate of the enterprise is zero (Modigliani and Miller 1958). The development of MM theory mostly experienced three stages: 1 . No-tax model. The first MM model takes no account of corporate taxations; 2. Corporate tax model. Modigliani and Miller (1963) published Corporate Income Taxes and the Cost of Capital: A Correction, which loosened its initial assumptions, introduced corporate tax into MM theory(Modigliani and Miller 1963); 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Critique on Mm Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Miller model. Merton H. Miller (1976) proposed to consider corporate tax and individual tax in estimating how the debt leverage impacts the value of firm (Miller 1977). During the past 50-year, MM theory has made tremendous academic achievements for western companies in exploring the optimal capital structure and reducing capital costs etc. Firstly, it provides a research frame of reference and theoretical basis. Since that, most of the capital theories are base on MM theory, such as Pecking-order Theory, Trade-off Theory, and Agency Theory etc. Secondly, MM theory makes the capital structure theories systematic and builds a framework for the development of capital structure theories. Secondly, MM theory makes the capital tructure theory systematically, as there was not a system of traditional capital structure theory. Last, but not least, it is only a general description of the traditional capital structure theory. While MM theory uses modern analytical methods, such as partial equilibrium, mathematical analysis etc, therefore, it makes MM theory become reliable. Despite tremendous achievements, there are still limitations in MM theory. First, the assumptions are too harsh, and most of them cannot be achieved in reality. To illustrate, MM theory assumes that individuals and corporations could borrow at the ore than what corporations do, as well as bear a higher risk. Furthermore, MM theory also assumes there is no transaction cost, which extremely differs from the real transaction process. Second, the assumptions are beyond the reality, although the logic derivation is correct, the conclusions still differs. Both corporate tax model and Miller model suppose that corporation should raise the liability as much as possible in order to maximise the value of the firm, in extremity, up to 100% liability. However, none of enterprises adopt this point. Third, MM theory stands at a static erspective, and does not consider the external economic environment and the impact on capital structure by changing enterprises production and operating conditions. In fact, many factors, which affect the capital structures, are variable. For example, companies should cut down their liabilities appropriately in order to reduce business risks, when the socio-economic experiences a recession. According to MM theory, the value of tax saving is associated with the corporate income tax rate. That is, the higher corporate income tax rate, the more tax deductible the corporation could achieve from financing by liability. In other words, corporations are inclined to finance by liabilities rather than equity financing in relative higher corporate income tax rate countries, and vice versa. Under the actual situation in China, the corporate income tax is much higher than other countries in the world; corporations should prefer financing from debt theoretically (Huang and Zhang 2007). However, actually, the capital structure of Chinese enterprises runs counter to the MM theory and other capital structure theories. The proportion of liability financing in China is far less than the proportion of equity financing (Huang and Song 2006). First of all, there is merely no mechanism in applying MM theory. In accordance with the MM theory, both individual and institutional investors can process arbitrage actions freely in the capital markets. In western well-developed capital markets, there is a wide range of fund-raising channels and other financing options, the arbitrage mechanisms usually affect the markets. However, at present, the market mechanism is not fully developed in China, as well as capital market is under-developed. Thus, these limit the financing options and forms; make it difficult to carry out arbitrage activities. Generally, MM theory cannot be applied.

Taking a Glance into the Heart of Darkness The Ambitions and Failure of the Civilization

Rethinking the historical events is one of those tasks that inevitably bring people to realizing their past mistakes and drawing experiences so that these mistakes would not be made further on in the future.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Taking a Glance into the Heart of Darkness: The Ambitions and Failure of the Civilization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On Conrad’ Heart of Darkness, the lead character, Marlow, at first considers the reasons behind the Europeans who were heading to the wilderness of Central Africa as â€Å"civilized† and rather noble; however, further on, Marlow becomes disappointed about these reasons. After re-evaluating the ambitions of the people exploring the African continent in such an impudent manner, Marlow realizes that the true reasons behind the Europeans’ travel were far more egotistic than he could ever imagine. Indeed, the goals of the people, heading for the terra incognita of the distant and savage lands are not quite clear; wisely enough, Conrad does not disclose the aims of the travelers from the very first page – eh only hints at the possible aims which the travelers might pursue: â€Å"But these chaps were not much account, really. They were no colonists; their administration was merely a squeeze, and nothing more, I suspect† (Conrad 9). However, when it comes to discussing the reasons that made Marlow join the ranks of those exploring the uncharted lands, Conrad makes it obvious that Marlow’s intentions were most innocent: â€Å"Now when I was a little chap I had a passion for maps. I would look for hours at South America, or Africa, or Australia, and lose myself in all the glories of exploration.† (Conrad 11). It seems that for Marlow, only the passion for adventures and new experiences was the true motivation. Nevertheless, even Marlow has hard times with learning about the continent and its inha bitants: After all, that was only a savage sight, while I seemed at one bound to have been transported into some lightless region of subtle horrors, where pure, uncomplicated savagery was a positive relief, being something that had a right to exist — obviously — in the sunshine. (Conrad 122) Finally, he also lets some of the madness which the rest of the crew was infected with reach his heart, filling it with darkness as well: â€Å"I had to beat that Shadow — this wandering and tormented thing. ‘You will be lost,’ I said –‘utterly lost.’† (Conrad 137).Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, the readers are left with guessing what the Europeans heading for the new lands are going to do. On the one hand, it might seem that the mission of these people could be quite noble; starting with bringing common knowledge t o the pagans, it could expand further on to establishing relationships with the people inhabiting the uncharted places, which will supposedly include not only cultural, but also economical and even political ties. However, Conrad clarifies the given issue pretty soon, explaining that the causes bringing the Europeans to the uncharted lands are far from being noble: â€Å"They were conquerors, and for that you want only brute force — nothing to boast of, when you have it, since your strength is just an accident arising from the weakness of others† (Conrad 9). As Conrad’s lead character, Marlow, continues telling his side of the story, it becomes clear that the Europeans ware aiming only at cashing in on the inhabitants of the wilderness: â€Å"They grabbed what they could get for the sake of what was to be got. It was just robbery with violence, aggravated murder on a great scale, and men going at it blind — as is very proper for those who tackle a darkne ss† (Conrad 9). The author stresses that the goals of a new European presence were to use the lands, the people and their resources and then leave the place, barren and forgotten. Thus, the question of what the European people were targeting at when heading for the wilderness of the continent remains open. While there are some specks of humanity left in some of the characters, including Marlow, the narrator, it is still clear that the story focuses on the lowest of the low and their efforts to grab every single thing of the slightest market value. The darkness within the man who came to conquer started to grow: â€Å"It had taken him, loved him, embraced him, got into his veins, consumed his flesh, and sealed his soul to its own by the inconceivable ceremonies of some devilish initiation† (Conrad 92). The above-mentioned, therefore, triggers the question whether these are the wild pagans, the gloomy forests of the continent or the wretched souls of the European conquero rs where the darkness is born. It is quite peculiar that all characters portrayed in the novel pursue their own goals, though their goals seem to revolve around the same core, i.e., the desire to get their own profit out of the situation which they have trapped themselves in.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Taking a Glance into the Heart of Darkness: The Ambitions and Failure of the Civilization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, it seems that none of the characters reach their goals in the end; the attempt to conquer the wilderness ended up in a complete failure. Marlow’s point seems sadly legitimate enough. Driven by the supposedly huge economical and financial profit, the European travelers were defeated not by the threatening darkness of the African continent. It was the darkness of their souls that trapped them – the darkness of the people making their way over corpses. Works Cited Conrad , Joseph n. d., Heart of Darkness. PDF file. 17 Nov. 2012. https://planetpdf.com/planetpdf/pdfs/free_ebooks/Heart_of_Darkness_T.pdf. This essay on Taking a Glance into the Heart of Darkness: The Ambitions and Failure of the Civilization was written and submitted by user Hiroim to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Helen Keller Quotes That Inspire

Helen Keller Quotes That Inspire Although Helen Keller lost her sight and hearing at an early age, she lived a long and productive life as an author and activist. She was a pacifist during World War I and a socialist, an advocate for womens rights and a member of the fledgling American Civil Liberties Union. Helen Keller traveled to 35 countries during her lifetime to support the rights of the blind. Her indomitable spirit saw her through her handicap. Her words speak of the wisdom and strength that was the essence of her life. Helen Kellers Thoughts on Optimism Keep your face to the sunshine and you cannot see the shadows. Optimism is the faith that leads to achievement. Nothing can be done without hope and confidence. Believe. No pessimist ever discovered the secrets of the stars or sailed to an uncharted land or opened a new heaven to the human spirit. What I am looking for is not out there; it is in me. When one door of happiness closes, another opens; but often we look so long at the closed door that we do not see the one which has been opened for us. Be of good cheer. Do not think of todays failures, but of the success that may come tomorrow. You have set yourself a difficult task, but you will succeed if you  persevere, and  you will find a joy in overcoming obstacles. Never bend your head. Always hold it high. Look the world right in the eye. The Importance of Faith Faith is the strength by which a shattered world shall emerge into the light. I believe in the immortality of the soul because I have within me immortal longings. It gives me a deep, comforting sense that things seen are temporal and things unseen are eternal. About Ambition It is for us to pray not for tasks equal to our powers, but for powers equal to our tasks, to go forward with a great desire forever beating at the door of our hearts as we travel toward our distant goal. One can never consent to creep when one feels an impulse to soar. The Joy of Companionship Walking with a friend in the dark is better than walking alone in the light. Relationships are like Rome- difficult to start out, incredible during the prosperity of the golden age, and unbearable during the fall. Then, a new kingdom will come along and the whole process will repeat itself until you come across a kingdom like Egypt ... that  thrives  and continues to flourish. This kingdom will become your best friend, your soul mate and your love. Our Ability We can do anything we want if we stick to it long enough. I am only  one; but  still, I am one. I cannot do everything, but  still, I can do something. I will not refuse to do something I can do. I long to accomplish a great and noble task, but it is my chief duty to accomplish small tasks as if they were great and noble. When we do the best we can, we never know what miracle is wrought in our life or in the life of another. Thoughts on Life The best and most beautiful things in life cannot be seen, not touched, but are felt in the heart. We would never learn to be brave and patient if there were only joy in the world. What we have once enjoyed we can never lose. All that we love deeply becomes a part of us. Life is a succession of lessons which must be lived to be understood. Life is an exciting business, and most exciting when it is lived for others. Believe, when you are most unhappy, that there is something for you to do in the world. So long as you can sweeten anothers pain, life is not in vain. True happiness ... is not attained through self-gratification, but through fidelity to a worthy purpose. The Beauty of Hope Once I knew only darkness and stillness. My life was without past or future. But a little word from the fingers of another fell into my hand that clutched at emptiness and my heart leaped to the rapture of living. Although the world is full of suffering, it is full also of the overcoming of it. Alone we can do so little; together we can do so much. To keep our faces toward change, and behave like free spirits in the presence of fate, is strength undefeatable. The Challenges We Face The marvelous richness of human experience would lose something of rewarding joy if there were no limitations to overcome. The hilltop hour would not be half so wonderful if there were no dark valleys to traverse. Character cannot be developed in ease and quiet. Only through experiences of trial and suffering can the soul be strengthened, vision cleared, ambition inspired and success achieved. I seldom think about my limitations, and they never make me sad. Perhaps there is just a touch of yearning at times; but it is vague, like a breeze among flowers. Self-pity is our worst enemy and if we yield to it, we can never do anything wise in the world. The most pathetic person in the world is someone who has sight but has no vision. Random Musings Our democracy is but a name. We vote. What does that mean? It means that we choose between two bodies of real- though not avowed- autocrats. We choose between Tweedledum and Tweedledee. People do not like to think. If one thinks, one must reach conclusions. Conclusions are not always pleasant. Science may have found a cure for most evils; but it has found no remedy for the worst of them all- the apathy of human beings. It is wonderful how much time good people spend fighting the devil. If they would only expend the same amount of energy loving their fellow men, the devil would die in his own tracks of ennui. Security is mostly a superstition. It does not exist in nature, nor do the children of men as a whole experience it. Avoiding danger is no safer in the long run than outright exposure. Life is either a daring  adventure  or nothing. Knowledge is love and light and vision. Toleration is the greatest gift of mind; it requires the same effort of the brain that it takes to balance oneself on a bicycle.

Strategy Tripod Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategy Tripod - Assignment Example 72). When it comes to global business, strategy is perceived in two dynamics, 1- strategy as action, and 2) strategy tripod. The ‘strategy as action’ perspective suggests that the essence of strategy is interaction because actions and reactions such as ‘competing aggressively’, ‘price war’, ‘attack’, ‘counterattacks’ etc lead to competitive advantage (Peng and Gokalp, 2011, p. 250). The ‘strategy tripod’ model sheds light on global competitive dynamic based on the major three perspectives, namely industry-based, resource-based and institution-based views. The Strategy Tripod The fundamental objective of the competitive strategy of a company is to gain sustainable competitive advantage in the industry. There has been a great amount of academic debates during recent years concerning competitive strategies to explain ‘why do firms succeed and often fail’. There are different approaches concerning competitive strategy such as SWOT, Porter’s five force etc. The strategy tripod is another approach to explain competitive strategy that states that a company’s competitive strategy derives from three main sources: the pressure of the industry the company operates in, the impact of the institutions that a company is surrounded by and the resources that a company possesses (Wallner, 2012, p. 12- 13). Peng (2008, p.14) identified the very fundamental four questions in strategy. They are: 1) ‘why do firms differ’? 2) ‘How do firms behave’? 3) ‘What are the main determinants of the scope of a firms’? 4) What are the main determinants of a firm’s success or failure? He elucidated the concept of ‘strategy tripod’ to answer ‘how do firms behave’. According to him, strategy tripod is a framework that states that a competitive strategy as a discipline has three ‘legs’, that are the basic three perspectives; industry-based, resource-based and institution-based views of a firm. Three leading strategy perspectives, namely industry-based view, institution-based view and resource-based view of the firm collectively lead to a strategy tripod. The industry-based view highlights the five-forces affecting an industry and explains that the strategic effort is meant to examine the five competitive forces namely competitive rivalry, threat of entry, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of suppliers and bargaining power of customers. The resource-based view concentrates on strengths and weaknesses internal to a firm, whereas the industry-based view focuses on the opportunities and threats that are external to a firm. Industry-based view thus concentrates on the O and T whereas the resource-based view concentrates on the S and W in the SWOT (Peng, 2008, p. 14). The institution-based view suggests that a firm and its competitive strategy conditions are influenced by the institutions that the firm is surrounded by. The three ‘legs’ of strategy tripod are explained in detail below: Industry-based view The industry-based view, which is pioneered by Michel Porter in early years of 1980s, emphasized that the primary principle of competitive strategy formulation is the relationship that a firm builds with its environment. External factors are the major determinants of a firm’s competitive strategy because these factors not only affect firm’s performance but also its way to achieving competitive advantage (Gao, Murray and Kotabe, 2010). Firms are largely depending on various external industry forces such as threats of substitutes and new entrants, bargaining power of buyers and suppliers and competition rivalry among the major counterparts.

The social issues of the roaring twenties ( Art and Ideas, Economy, Essay

The social issues of the roaring twenties ( Art and Ideas, Economy, Technology, Science, and the Social Ferment) - Essay Example 58). This discrimination was upheld by the US Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896. This decision, which supported racial segregation, was reversed in 1954, and the government made racial segregation and discrimination in any form, illegal. However, discrimination persists and until 1920, women were not permitted to exercise their franchise, when Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution that provided women with the right to vote. Despite these measures, women in the US are still subjected to discrimination (Pozzuto & Arnd-Caddigan, Mar2008, P. 58). From the early 1900s till the Second World War, the US witnessed modernism in art, design and architecture. The first skyscrapers were constructed in the 1870s. These structures generated considerable competition from architects. The first successful design was New York’s Woolworth Building. The Architects Anderson Graham, Probst, and White designed and constructed the Wrigley Building in Chicago. Howells and Hood designed the Chicago Tribune Tower. Chrysler and the Empire State Building displayed the Art Deco design. Architect Frank Lloyd Wright designed several houses in California and Japan. Art Deco lasted from 1925 to 1950. It was called as modern construction and emerged from the 1925 International Art Exposition in Paris (Whitley, 2008). Opposition to communism reached fanatical levels in the US during the 1920s. Communism was referred to as Red Scares, and communists were referred to as anarchists. In 1920, there were an estimated 150,000 communists in the nation, which was just 0.1 percent of the population. People subscribing to radical views were persecuted, as evident from the case of Sacco and Vanzetti. Americans of that period adopted provincialism, as depicted by the reemergence of the Ku Klux Klan, restrictive immigration laws and Prohibition (Roaring Twenties). The 1919, 18th amendment to the Constitution,

Advanced Design System

Advanced Design System DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A SINGLE-STUB NOTCH FILTER USING AGILENTS ADVANCE DESIGN SYSTEM (ADSTM) ABSTRACT: The purpose of this case study is to acquire an idea on the design of single-stub notch filters using Agilent advanced design system (ADSTM). By properly calculating the required width, length and insertion loss of the single stub notch filter using ADS one can design a notch filter which can block frequencies not required. In the micro strip layout when wavelength of the stub is , the open circuit of the stub is converted to short circuit and signals along the notch filter are blocked. By adjusting the width and using various functions like line calc the parameters of the filter are calculated and the filter is designed and analysed. Agilent advanced system is an effective software for the analysis of the microwave links. INTRODUCTION: Advanced Design System (ADSTM): Advanced Design System is the industry leader in high-frequency domain design. It supports electronic systems and RF design engineers developing all types of RF designs, from simple to the most complex, from RF or microwave modules to be integrated MMICs for communications and aerospace/defense applications. ADS is With a complete set of simulation technologies ranging from frequency, time, numeric and physical domain simulation to electromagnetic field simulation, ADS lets designers fully characterize and optimize designs. The single, integrated design, GUI graphical user interface environment provides system, circuit, and electromagnetic simulators, along with schematic capture, layout, and verification capability eliminating the starts and stops associated with changing design tools in mid-cycle. ADS can be used for virtual prototyping, debugging, or as an aid in manufacturing test. To enhance engineering productivity and shorten time-to-market, ADS software offers a high level of design automation and applications intelligence. This proven software environment is easily extensible: we can customize ADS by adding features focused on your particular application needs. An AD runs on PCs and workstations, with complete file compatibility between platforms and across networks. [8] Advanced Design Systemis a powerful electronic design automation software used by leading companies in the wireless communication networking and aerospace defence industries. For WiMAXâ„ ¢, LTE, multi-gigabit per second data links, radar, satellite applications, ADS provides full, standards-based design and verification with Wireless Libraries and circuit-system-EM co-simulation in an integrated platform. Key Benefits of ADS  · Complete, integrated set of fast, accurate and easy-to-use system, circuit EM simulators enable first-pass design success in a complete desktop flow.  · Application-specific Design Guides encapsulate years of expertise in an easy-to-use interface. Components used in (ADSTM) system Term (Port Impedance for S-parameters): Parameters: Name Description Units Default Num Port number Integer 1 Z Reference impedance, use 1+j*0 for complex Ohm 50 Noise Enable/disable port thermal noise: yes, no (for AC or harmonic balance analysis only; not for S-parameter analysis) None yes V(DC) Open circuit DC voltage None None Temp Temperature oC None Table1: Parameters of Term Note: ‘Term can be used in all simulations. For S-parameter simulations it is used to define the impedance and location of the ports. When not in use, it is treated as an impedance with the value R + JX. The reactance is ignored for dc simulations. MLOC (Micro strip Open-Circuited Stub): MLOC symbol MLOC Illustration Parameters: Name Description Units Default Subst Substrate instance name None MSub1 W Line width mil 25.0 L Line length mil 100.0 Wall1 Distance from near edge of strip H to first sidewall; Wall1 > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum( W, H) mil 1.0e+30 Wall2 Distance from near edge of strip H to second sidewall; Wall2 > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum( W, H) mil 1.0e+30 Temp Physical temperature (see Notes)  °C None Mod Choice of dispersion model None Kirschning Table 2: Parameters of MLOC Range of Usage: 1≠¤Er ≠¤128 ; 0.01 ≠¤ ≠¤ 100 Where, Er = dielectric constant (from associated Subst) H = substrate thickness (from associated Subst) Recommended Range for different dispersion models Kirschning and Jansen: 1≠¤Er ≠¤20; 0.1Ãâ€"H≠¤W ≠¤100Ãâ€"H Kobayashi: 1 ≠¤Er ≠¤128; 0.1Ãâ€"H ≠¤ W ≠¤10Ãâ€"H; 0 ≠¤H≠¤0.13Ãâ€"ÃŽ » Yamashita: 2 ≠¤Er ≠¤16; 0.05Ãâ€"H ≠¤W ≠¤16Ãâ€"H Where, ÃŽ »= wavelength; freq ≠¤ 100 GHz Notes and Equations : 1. The frequency-domain analytical model uses the Kirschning and Jansen formula to calculate the static impedance, Zo, and effective dielectric constant, Eeff. The attenuation factor, ÃŽ ±, is calculated using the incremental inductance rule by Wheeler. The frequency dependence of the skin effect is included in the conductor loss calculation. Dielectric loss is also included in the loss calculation. 2. Dispersion effects are included using either the improved version of the Kirschning and Jansen model, the Kobayashi model, or the Yamashita model, depending on the choice specified in Mod. The program defaults to using the Kirschning and Jansen formula. 3. For time-domain analysis, an impulse response obtained from the frequency analytical model is used. 4. The Temp parameter is only used in noise calculations. 5. For noise to be generated, the transmission line must be lossy (loss generates thermal noise). 6. To turn off noise contribution, set Temp to −273.15 °C. 7. When the Hu parameter of the substrate is less than 100Ãâ€"H, the enclosure effect will not be properly calculated if Wall1 and Wall2 are left blank. 8. Wall1 and Wall2 must satisfy the following constraints: Min(Wall1) > 1/2Ãâ€"Maximum(W, H) Min(Wall2) > 1/2Ãâ€"Maximum(W, H) MLIN (Micro strip Line): MLIN symbol MLIN Illustration Parameters: Name Description Units Default Subst Substrate instance name None MSub1 W Line width mil 25.0 L Line length mil 100.0 Wall1 Distance from near edge of strip H to first sidewall; Wall1 > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum( W, H) mil 1.0e+30 Wall2 Distance from near edge of strip H to second sidewall; Wall2 > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum( W, H) mil 1.0e+30 Temp Physical temperature (see Notes)  °C None Mod Choice of dispersion model None Kirschning Table 3: Parameters of MLIN Range of Usage: 1 ≠¤ ER ≠¤ 128; 0.01 ≠¤ ≠¤ 100 Where, ER = dielectric constant (from associated Subst) H = substrate thickness (from associated Subst) Recommended Range for different dispersion models Kirschning and Jansen: 1 ≠¤ Er ≠¤ 20; 0.1 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W ≠¤ 100 Ãâ€" H Kobayashi: 1 ≠¤ Er ≠¤ 128; 0.1 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W ≠¤ 10 Ãâ€" H; 0 ≠¤ H ≠¤ 0.13 Ãâ€" ÃŽ » Yamashita: 2 ≠¤ Er ≠¤ 16; 0.05 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W ≠¤ 16 Ãâ€" H Where ÃŽ »= wavelength; freq ≠¤ 100 GHz Notes and Equations: 1. The frequency-domain analytical model uses the Hammerstad and Jensen formula to calculate the static impedance, Zo, and effective dielectric constant, Εeff. The attenuation factor, ÃŽ ±, is calculated using the incremental inductance rule by Wheeler. The frequency dependence of the skin effect is included in the conductor loss calculation. Dielectric loss is also included in the loss calculation. 2. Dispersion effects are included using either the improved version of the Kirschning and Jansen model, the Kobayashi model, or the Yamashita model, depending on the choice specified in Mod. The program defaults to using the Kirschning and Jansen formula. 3. For time-domain analysis, an impulse response obtained from the frequency analytical model is used. 4. The Temp parameter is only used in noise calculations. 5. For noise to be generated, the transmission line must be lossy (loss generates thermal noise). 6. To turn off noise contribution, set Temp to −273.15 °C. 7. When the Hu parameter of the substrate is less than 100 Ãâ€" H, the enclosure effect will not be properly calculated if Wall1 and Wall2 are left blank. 8. Wall1 and Wall2 must satisfy the following constraints: Min(Wall1) > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum(W, H) Min(Wall2) > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum(W, H) MTEE (Microstrip T-Junction): MTEE symbol MTEE Illustration Parameters: Name Description Units Subst Microstrip substrate name None W1 Conductor width at pin 1 Mil W2 Conductor width at pin 2 Mil W3 Conductor width at pin 3 Mil Temp Physical temperature  °C Table 4: Parameters of MTEE Range of Usage: 0.05 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W1 ≠¤ 10 Ãâ€" H; 0.05 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W2 ≠¤ 10 Ãâ€" H; 0.05 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W3 ≠¤ 10 Ãâ€" H Er ≠¤ 20 Wlargest/Wsmallest≠¤ 5 where Wlargest, Wsmallest are the largest, smallest width among W2, W2, W3 f(GHz) Ãâ€" H (mm) ≠¤ 0.4 Ãâ€" Z0 Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the line with Wlargest Notes and Equations: 1. The frequency-domain model is an empirically based, analytical model. The model modifies E. Hammerstad model formula to calculate the Tee junction discontinuity at the location defined in the reference for wide range validity. A reference plan shift is added to each of the ports to make the reference planes consistent with the layout. 2. The center lines of the strips connected to pins 1 and 2 are assumed to be aligned. 3. For time-domain analysis, an impulse response obtained from the frequency-domain analytical model is used. 4. The Temp parameter is only used in noise calculations. 5. For noise to be generated, the transmission line must be lossy (loss generates thermal noise). Single-stub notch filter: In Radio Communication Systems, undesired harmonics are generated. A micro strip notch filters undesired harmonics in a narrow band device like a mobile phone. A Notch filter is a device that passes all frequencies except those in a stop band centred on a centre frequency. The quality factor plays a major role in eliminating the frequencies undesired. Quality factor (Q) of a band pass or notch filter is defined as the centre frequency of a filter divided by the bandwidth. Where, bandwidth is the difference between frequency of the upper 3dB roll off point and frequency of the lower 3dB roll off point. TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY: place to another for directing the transmission of energy, such as electromagnetic waves or acoustic waves, as well as electric power transmission. Components of transmission lines include wires, coaxial cables, dielectric slabs, optical fibres, electric power lines, and waveguides. Consider the micro strip layout of a notch filter, In the designing of the micro-strip circuits (i.e. filters), the basic parameters are impedance Z0 and guide wavelength ÃŽ »g which are considered as TEM transmission line. The impedance in the open circuit stub Zin is as given below, Zin = ZS} Where ZL=∞, so we ignore ZS Zin = ZS} = ZS { } = ZS { } = j ZS cot ÃŽ ² l However, l = , ÃŽ ² l = = Therefore, cot ÃŽ ² l=0 So, Zin = -j ZS cot ÃŽ ² l=0 hence â”Å'L = = ∞/∞ = 1 so VSWR = = 2/0 = This indicates that the signal whose wavelength is will have very low impedance and hence it is a short circuit Thus Insertion loss response at frequency f0 is high except for other frequencies, this is because cot ÃŽ ² l is no longer zero. Insertion loss and return loss are two important data to evaluate the quality of many passive fiber optic components, such as fiber optic patch cord and fiber optic connector and many more. Insertion loss: Definition The Insertion Loss of a line is the ratio of the power received at the end of the line to the power transmitted into the line. Insertion loss refers to the fibre optic light loss caused when a fibre optic component insert into another one to form the fibre optic link. Insertion loss can result from absorption, misalignment or air gap between the fibre optic components. We want the insertion loss to be as less as possible. Our fibre optic components insertion loss is less than 0.2dB typical, less than 0.1dB types available on request. An expression for insertion loss is IL= 10log10 [1 +(YS/2)2] Return loss: Return Loss is a measure of the reflected energy from a transmitted signal. It is commonly expressed in positive dBs. The larger the value, the less energy that is reflected. Return loss can be calculated using the following equation: IMPRLT10.gif (1294 bytes) Return loss is a measure of VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio), expressed in decibels (db). The return-loss is caused due to impedance mismatch between two or more circuits. For a simple cable assembly, there will be a mismatch where the connector is connected to the cable. There may be an impedance mismatch caused by bends or cuts in a cable. At microwave frequencies, the material properties as well as the dimensions of the cable or connector plays important role in determining the impedance match or mismatch. A high value of return-loss denotes better quality of the system under test (or device under test). For example, a cable with a return loss of 21 db is better than another similar cable with a return loss of 14 db, and so on. Phase Response of the notch filter: The phase response of a notch filter shows the greatest rate of change at the centre frequency. The rate of change becomes more rapid as the Q of the filter increases. The group delay of a notch filter is greatest at the centre frequency, and becomes longer as the Q of the filter increases. EXPERIMENT SUB PARTS CASE-STUDY PART 1: Aim: Designing and simulation of a notch filter at 3 GHz using Agilents ADSTM for the given design specifications. Requirement: Electrical performance: Centre frequency: 3.0 GHz Insertion loss: >25.0 dB Input/output Impedance: 50 ÃŽ © Substrate specifications: Material type: 3M Cu-clad Dielectric constant (ÃŽ µr): 2.17 Thickness (h): 0.794mm Conductor thickness (t): 35um Conductivity (ÏÆ'): 5.84e+7 S/m tanÃŽ ´: 0.0009 MLIN, MLOC and MTEE are micro strip elements defined in ADSTM which is used to construct the circuit Explanation: We need to simulate and design a notch filter at 3 GHz here, using Agilents ADS. When the above specifications are used in ADS, the width of the microstrip lines is obtained as 2.42mm corresponding to 50 ohms transmission line using Line calc function. The Line Calc function is also used to determine the effective dielectric constant (Keff) of 3M Cu-clad Substrate at 3.0GHZ from which the initial, length of the open circuit stub can be calculated. ÃŽ µr = 2.1 Keff = 1.854 at 3.0GHZ (from line calc) , ÃŽ »0 = 100 m (at 3.0 GHZ) ÃŽ »g = ÃŽ »0 /(Keff)1/2 = 100/(1.854)1/2 =73.44mm; ÃŽ »g/4 =18.36 mm The initial design length of the open circuit stub is 18.354 mm. Thus we obtain the following substrate specifications at Centre frequency: 3.0 GHz, Insertion loss: greater than 25.0 dB and Input/output Impedance: Material type: 3M Cu-Clad, Dielectric constant (ÃŽ µr): 2.17, Thickness (h): 0.794m, Conductor thickness (t): 35um, Conductivity (ÏÆ'): 5.84e+7 S/m, taná ¶ ¿=0.0009, l = 18.36mm W(Width of the micro strip lines)=2.42mm From these specifications we obtain the plot of Insertion Loss Response(S21) indicating about 49.234 dB attenuation near 3 GHz which is shown in 8 To observe the effect of varying the length of the open circuit stub , the same procedure of simulation is repeated twice or thrice with different values of length of open circuit stub given as follows L1=20, L2=18.34, L3=16.As we can see in the 9 that as the length of open stub increases the frequency decreases. As the length of open stub must be ÃŽ »g/4 and so the 50ÃŽ © micro strip line is blocked and hence the signal is passed and if there is change in the length then the micro strip is not blocked hence the signal is blocked. Analysis of the case study 1: From the case study1, it proves that at wavelength ÃŽ »g/4 the open circuit at point S of the stub is transformed to short circuit and the signals passing along AB micro strip is blocked. Thus we design a filter at 3 GHz frequency. When the wavelength is ÃŽ »g/4 the signal will see very low impedance to ground at point S and hence is short circuited. This signal will be absorbed from the signals applied at input A, which will manifest high attenuation in its insertion loss at 3GHz.All other signals remain unaffected, hence low insertion loss accept near 3GHz. CASE-STUDY PART 2: Aim: Using the ADSTM Tuning facility, investigate the effect of varying the width of the stub filter. Determine the width of line which provides minimum out of band loss whilst maintaining the original filter specifications (i.e.>25 db at 3.0 GHz) Requirement: Electrical performance: Centre frequency: 3.0 GHz Insertion loss: >25.0 dB Input/output Impedance: 50 ÃŽ © Substrate specifications: Material type: 3M Cu-clad Dielectric constant (ÃŽ µr): 2.17 Thickness (h): 0.794mm Conductor thickness (t): 35um Conductivity (ÏÆ'): 5.84e+7 S/m tanÃŽ ´: 0.0009 CS2 10: Circuit Diagram of Stub Notch filter obtained by ADS Simulation Explanation: When the width of the stub is 5mm and length is 18.8mm the response obtained is as shown below Now we vary the width of the stub to investigate the effect. . In this process the width of the stub filter is changed at different values from w1=5mm, w2=2.5mm, w3=2mm, w4=1mm, w5=0.2mm as shown in 12. Here we also note that when varying the width of line, both the width of the stub line and corresponding width on the MTEE section must is varied. After varying the width using tuning fork function of the ADS facility we obtain a response at 3GHz and width is noted as 0.2mm.The 13 shows the following. Analysis of case study 2: The width of the line determines its impedance. If the impedance is high thinner the line and viceversa.When the width of the i/o transmission line is equivalent to the width of the stub then Insertion loss is at 0Db and when width of the i/o transmission line is greater than the width of the stub then Insertion loss tends to 0Db. In the above case thus we vary the width of the stub and transmission line and when centre frequency is 3 GHz and the width is 0.2mm the insertion loss is very low. Lower the insertion loss more is the signal transmitted. CASE- STUDY PART 3: Aim To design a notch filter at centre frequency of 4.5GHZ and it should cancel the spurious signal and unwanted harmonics by at least 24db with minimum out of band loss with the specifications given below Requirement: Electrical specifications: Centre frequency: 4.5 GHz Insertion loss: >25.0 dB Input/output Impedance: 50 ÃŽ © Substrate specifications: Material type: 3M Cu-clad Dielectric constant (ÃŽ µr): 2.17 Thickness (h): 0.794mm Conductor thickness (t): 35um Conductivity (ÏÆ'): 5.84e+7 S/m tanÃŽ ´: 0.0009 Explanation: In the responses shown below we have obtained the 24 dB difference by adjusting the frequency at 4.5 GHz. In CS3 14 the length and width are adjusted to obtain the particular response Analysis of case study 3: In case study 3 we understand the way of designing a notch filter to cancel the spurious signals generated by wireless communication systems. CONCLUSION: This case study helps us analyse the notch filter. The notch filter is designed and its basics and working are understood. The tool ADS proves very effective in this learning. To conclude, this experiment gives us a broader knowledge about transmission theory. The concept is deeply understood. In wireless communications the unwanted harmonics and spurious signals generated are cancelled by this notch filter enabling a better reception. Thus designing of such a notch filter is learnt.

Freedom Of Expression Essays -- essays research papers fc

Freedom of Expression: All people in the United States are guaranteed this right by the Constitution. Students, however, do not have this right to the same extent as adults. This is because public schools are required to protect all students at the school. The major aspects of this right are speech and dress. Both the right to speech and dress are not absolute in public high schools. According to the American Civil Liberties Union: "You (students) have a right to express your opinions as long as you do so in a way that doesn't 'materially and substantially' dirsupt classes or other school activities. If you hold a protest on the school steps and block the entrance to the building, school officials can stop you. They can probably also stop you from using language they think is 'vulgar or indecent'("Ask Sybil Libert" ACLU 1998). Public schools can also restrict student dress. In 1987 in Harper v. Edgewood Board of Education the court upheld "a dress regulation that required students to 'd ress in conformity wit hthe accepted standards of the community'"(Whalen 72). This means that schools can restrict clothing with vulgarities and such, but they cannot restrict religious clothing: "School officials must accomodate student's religious beliefs by permitting the wearing of religious clothing when such clothing must be worn during the school day as a part of the student's religious practice"(Whalen 78). Back to Student Rights in Public High Scho...

Hhgh

Free Human Resources Literature Review richard | October 20, 2011 4 0 Rate This Article Table of Contents [show] LITERATURE REVIEW 1. 1 Human Resource Management In a rapid competitive business environment, the procedures of outlining the role, function and process of Human Resource Management (HRM) within a dynamic and uncertain environment are ongoing for many decades.In the early 1980s numerous books and articles were published by American Business Schools professors to support the widely recognition of HRM concept, and the environmental volatility in today’s contemporary business that specifically identify conflict and heterogeneity (Soderlund and Bredin, 2005). Due to its diverse origins and many influences, HRM covers essential aspects of central concern in organisations such as individual, practice, educational theory, social and organisational psychology, sociology, industrial relations, and organisational theory (Soderlund and Bredin, 2005)..To date there is no widely acceptable definition for HRM and what it entirely involves in our daily business world (Brewster and Larsen, 2000). Fewer satisfactory definitions have been propounded by different writer such as (Soderlund and Bredin, 2005), whom perceived HRM as 1) an ‘executive personnel responsibility’, that mainly concern with management activities; 2) classified HRM as management philosophy that concerns with people treatment and, finally 3) discerned HRM as interaction management between the firm and its people.Due the conflicting theoretical conception and hypothetical disagreement about the general acceptance of the definition, Price (2007) definition would be used to in this literature because it better explained and cover huge areas of the study. According to Price (2007): â€Å"A philosophy of people management based on the belief that human resources are uniquely important to sustained business success.An organization gains competitive advantage by using its people effec tively, drawing on their expertise and ingenuity to meet clearly defined objectives. Human resource management is aimed at recruiting capable, flexible and committed people, managing and rewarding their performance and developing key competencies†. The dynamic and uncertainty in HR contemporary organisations are tremendously moving towards a radical dimension (Analoui, 2007).Recent debate by many researchers have laid more emphasis about matching and incorporating the HR-department with other strategic functioning departments within organisation (Soderlund and Bredin, (2005); Analoui, (2007); Price, (2007). 1. 2 HR IN A CONTEMPORARY ORGANISATION HR is essentially crucial in today’s contemporary organisations because it induce high-performance management through the use of employees; by enhancing their levels of customer’s service, productivity, growth, profits and quality control (Armstrong, 2000).Lado and Wilson (1994, p 701) outlined a separate interconnected a ctivities, roles, processes and other aspects that are aimed to attracting, maintaining, and developing the firm HR activities in contemporary organisations, such as: 1) planning; 2) recruitment and selection 3) training; 4) performance management; 5) benefits and rewards; 6) compensation; 7) and 8) career development (Banhegyi et al. , (2008) and (Robbins & Coulter, (2002). 1. 2. 1 Planning Planning in Human Resource has been discussed in different HRM contexts for many years (Wren, 1994). HR planning was initially an important aspect of ob analyses and was often used as bases for determining strengths and weaknesses among the employees and to develop the skills and competences they needed (Gallagher, 2000). As individual career plans started to gain more popularity, companies gradually started to pay more attention to the certain skills and competences among individual employees as a way of aligning and dealing with the companies’ succession planning (Kuratko and Morris (20 02). As this aspect been scrutinised rigorously by many researchers, HR planning is still a complicating and complex issue of debate within the HR practices (Schuler, 1986).In 1978, McBeath addressed his view of HR planning by highlighting a set of issues that he regarded as being important with respect to the HR planning. These were; An estimation of how many people the organization needed for the future A determination of what ability, skills, and knowledge requires to compete An evaluation of employees ability, skills and existing knowledge A determination of how the company could fill the identified competence gaps Storey (1995) argues that HR planning today is a very important task of every contemporary organization’s HR department.According to him, HR planning mainly involves the identification of skills and competence within the organization, the filling of identified competence gaps, and the facilitation of movements of employees within the organisation. An essential part of the HR planning is the succession planning which aims to ensure the supply of individuals and filling of gaps on senior key positions when they become vacant and replenish competences to areas where they are most valued (Wolfe, 1996). 1. 2. 2 Recruitment and selectionIn organization the system that responsible for placing diversifies talents throughout is refers to as recruitment and selection processes. The process of recruitment and selection is an ethical approach by a firm to seek and attract the most competent and suitable applicant for a vacant position (Analoui, 2007). Price (2007) inferred that recruitment strategies can be divided in three significant approaches: suitability – the most qualified applicant for the position, malleability – moulded within the cultural norms, and flexibility – the most reliable and versatility employee.These factors are quite complicating and can be easily mistaken during the process of hiring employees. Suitability is a critical aspect hence it mainly concerned with the process of hiring the most suitable applicant for the position. The process of selecting and retaining potential employees is the greatest organisational competitive battle in modern days (Pfeffer, 1994). Having the greatest talent simply implies that the firm will be able to compete aggressively in the market.This phenomenon are quit prevalent in our daily business life and has also pushes organisations to gain a niche by employing the most renowned managers to lead the thriving future. 1. 2. 2. 1 Channels of Recruitment Russo et al. , (1995) cascaded channels of recruitment into external and internal recruitment, and formal and informal channels. Internal recruitment channels mainly involve the use of intercommunication between other strategic areas of the organisation and the entire HR department. This approach enhances the firm to prioritise and target in-house or current employees (Russo et al. 1995; Analoui, 2007). Inter nal recruitment can be fully considered when it is fair and transparent, since favouritism might occur; while external channel of recruitment base on the contrary. 1. 2. 3 Training In today’s contemporary organisation, employees ‘skills and knowledge can make a positive impact on the firm‘s productivity (Guzzo, Jette & Katzell, 1985). Organisations have to counter some difficulties while training a single or more employees (Ostroff & Kozlowski, 1992). Previous literatures argue the affordability of some organisations that eprive themselves for a single individual employee particularly when human resources are limited: this can hinder the productivity on the short term and destabilize the organization (Bishop, 2003). He continues to stress that such perception about training implies that organisation should embark on a cost reduction strategies and focuses on in-house or on-job-training (OJT). Formal training is just one of the possibilities for organisations to en hance the personnel performance level, as important roles are covered also by organizational socialization (Chao, 1997) and multitasking (May, 1997).It was suggested in the early 1990s that organisational socialisation is a fine process for newcomers to source out information’s about the organisation, learn about the necessary tasks and how to perform their responsibility; clarifying their roles and relate with others inside the organisation (Ostroff & Kozlowski, 1992). This philosophy was also supported by Rollag & Cardon (2003) as they indicated that the process of socialisation within a firm enhance newcomer to incorporate and learn in a well conducive atmosphere. . 2. 4 Performance Management The concept of measuring performance or managing performance within organisations is to strategize how firms can get the utmost benefits from their employees (Dransfield, 2000). The approach to measuring performance can be classified as a three-step approach that composed by objectiv es, appraisal and feedback. The first step is the setting of performance objectives that are quantifiable, easy to measure and simple to communicate throughout the organisation (Dransfield, 2000).After that, the process of performance appraisal should take place (Bredin, 2008). The management of performance includes design of work systems, facilitation of knowledge utilisation, sharing and creation, and appraisal and reward systems (Cardon & Stevens, 2004). However, this phenomenon has been supported by different researchers claiming that performance management/appraisal is an outstanding process to determine and supervise employees output within the firm, so as it would be less complicating to ssess and achieve maximum performance (Zhu & Dowling, 1997). It is an excruciating process to implement and evaluate a systemic approach that can accurately pinpoint employee who is responsible for results within an organisation (McKenna & Beech, 2008). However, outcomes of individual behavio urs such as job satisfaction, employee turnover, absenteeism (Dyer and Reeves, 1995); motivation and commitment (Seibert, Silver, & Randolph, 2004), are proximal hence human resource processes are interconnected.In as much that the human resource practices are intended to achieve result in this area; there effect can also have a tremendous influence on the aforementioned outcomes (Bloom, 1999). 1. 2. 5 Benefits and rewards Eliciting high contributions within an organisational environment is highly essential for the firm as well as the employees (Appleby and Mavin, 2000). For instance, expectancy theories have explicated aspects of anticipated rewards in line with employee’s motivations.This indicated that every employee will have to face with a logical decision in accordance to the present economical circumstance (Tannenbaum and Dupuree-Bruno, 1994). As a result to that employee considerable effort will manifests into an intended realisations and fulfillment of a specific des ire outcome. Such manifestation enhances the explanation of the crucial aspect of organisational reward system and how it can be sustain and elicit the firm human capital investment Tannenbaum and Dupuree-Bruno (1994).The conceptions of both internal and external rewards are highly valued by organisations and its employees. Not only the obvious fact that employees yearns more about promotional opportunities, higher pay or better benefits, but also their desires and anguish spins from autonomy, personal growth and valued responsibility. Different authors have suggested the positive relationship, size and the implementation of innovative ideas in human resource practice as a result to economic of scale (Baldridge and Brunham, (1975) and Moch and Morse, (1977).This conception has locus the local firms at greater disadvantage in-terms of retaining or recruiting top-notch talent (Tannenbaum and Dupuree-Bruno, 1994). Figure 2: model for reward management Source: Bratton & Gold, 2003, p. 2 82 1. 2. 6 Compensation According to Patel & Cardon (2010) compensation is vital for contemporary organisation as it contributes to attract and retain high skilled workers with superior salaries, and it encourages a desired stakeholder behavior regarding recognition and legitimacy. Minbaeva et al. (2003) inferred that compensation would enhance motivation among personnel too.Even though non-financial compensation can really work as a positive stimulus for the workers, providing monetary benefits is necessary to increase the productivity of the employees on the individual or group level (Gomez-Meja, 1992). Balkin and Swift (2006) suggest a more flexible approach toward the payment issue. They proposed to relate it to the life stage of the organisation with a higher rate of non-monetary benefits during the first years of activity, and a re-equilibration whenever the company enters the mature stage.Non-monetary paybacks are represented by stock options, stocks or other form of equity s haring that enhance the participation and the motivation of employees, while spreading the risks over a larger number of people (Graham et al. , 2002). The aforementioned ownership sharing represents also a long-term planning for compensation, as Graham et Al. (2002) stated, but also short-term rewards exist. These are represented by profit sharing policies aiming to encourage the employees toward group work, or to control the organizational outcomes (Heneman & Tansky, 2002). 1. 2. 7 Career development (CD)Many practitioners and scholars within human resource development (HRD) field have claimed that the utmost crucial aspect of the practices is career development (McLagan, 1989; Weinberger, 1998; Swanson & Holton, 2001). However, this area of studies has been given little attention (Upton, Egan & Lynham, 2003). With the intense competition in the 21 century, many organisations have realised that in order for them to stay competition they have to improve their employees and enhance their career development (Boudreaux, 2001); rather than individual career development (Swanson & Holton, Upton, Egan & Lynham, 2003).Therefore, many organisations are now taking a proactive measures towards equipping their staffs and educationally (Leana, 2002) or create a climate that supports their staffs at all levels of the organisation to be more resultant and productive (Sullivan, 1999); which Boudreaux, (2001); Brown, (1997) referred to as ‘‘shared responsibility’’. However, learning within an organisation is quite critical and expensive; (McDonald, Hite & Gilbreath, 2002). The most common learning methods within organisations are informal (i. e. n-the-job coaching, sessions, lesson learned, development assignment) Power, Hubschman, & Doran, (2001) and formal learning (i. e. as training/workshop and other forms of professional training conducted by professional bodies internally or externally (McDonald, Hite & Gilbreath, 2002). 1. 3 The importance of HR in organisation The sole aim of HRM is to guarantee that the firm human capitals are being used in the fullest capability to produces the greatest organisation results that meets with the firm needs Nadeem Moiden, (2003) and Gilley and Gilley, (2007).Therefore, the philosophy of empowering employee’s capabilities is coined to the conception that HR is extremely crucial for sustainable competitive advantage and organisational success (Koch &McGrath, 2003). HR in organisation is also crucial because its assist managers and employees through a change process (Hendry, Jones, Arthur & Pettigrew, 1991). Businesses can gain enormous competitive advantages when their employees are used effectively to drawing on their expertise and ingenuity to meet clearly defined objectives.When organisation recruit the most effective, capable, committed and flexible people; and managed and reward them accordingly their performances, competencies and efficiency would help the firm productivity i mmensely (Price A. , 2007). Managers that tactfully execute organisational goals depend on the HR practices to deliver excellences so that they can achieve the utmost business performance (Becker, B. and Gerhart, B. , 1996). However, the HRM field has been isolated and misunderstood by many researchers and practitioner, failing to realise that without employees there would be no functioning organisation Argote, McEvily and Reagans (2003).As employees remain the most expensive and reliable asset of the organisation, the practices of HR will remain a vital area of discussion (Becker, B. and Gerhart, B. , 1996). 1. 3. 1 Advantages and disadvantages of HR As many other departments within an organisation encounter, challenges are inevitable and are present in our daily business lives. There are three main disadvantages, or some may refers to a challenges facing HR, namely: 1. Managers â€Å"need to support corporate productivity and performance improvement efforts† (Dessler, 2008, p 87). 2. Employees play an expanded role in employers’ performance improvement efforts† (Dessler, 2008, p 87). All the basics contents associated with high-performance organisation, such as high-technology team-based production, are rather futile without high levels of employee competence and commitment. 3. The challenge, derived from the first two, is that â€Å"employers see that their human resource units must be more involved in designing – not just executing – the company’s strategic plan† (Dessler, 2008, p 87). 1. 4 Strategic HR roles in dynamic and uncertainty environmentsStrategic HRM (SHRM) roles consist of strategies executions and formulations. The strategies execution has been the predominant aspect of the SHRM’s strategic job. Strategies formulators always set and margin their formulations in line with the corporate and competitive strategies and aligned the firm policies and practices towards their strategic formulation s (Dessler, 2008). In recent years, there has been a trend shift and researchers have now identified SHRM to take an active role with the top managers in the firm to formulate the company’s strategic plans.The gliding competitive environment due to a globalized economy has lead to that many employers are pursuing improved performance by improvement of commitment and competence level of their employees. Dessler, (2008) outlined four strategic tools that could be used to enhances employees abilities and proficiencies, such as employees satisfaction, loyalty, motivation and satisfactions. 1. 4. 1 Employee satisfaction Employee satisfaction is the individual satisfaction as a professional person, that is, the individual has an effect on his attitude.Organization member to its operating characteristic is the cognitive evaluation, employees get through the more realistic values and expectations of the gap between the value obtained after the meeting whether or not all aspects of wo rk attitudes and emotional responses. It involves the work of the degree of organizational commitment and work motivation is closely related (Saari, L. M. , & Judge, T. A. , 2004). Superior-subordinate communication is an important influence on job satisfaction in the workplace, in which the way a subordinate perceives a supervisor‘s behavior can positively or negatively influence job satisfaction.Nonverbal messages play a central role in interpersonal interactions with respect to impression formation, deception, attraction, social influence, and emotional expression (Burgoon, Buller, & Woodall, 1996). 1. 4. 2 Employee loyalty Employee engagement is personified by the passion and energy employees have to give of their best to the organization to serve the customer. Engagement is characterized by employees being committed to the organization, believing in what it stands for and being prepared to go above and beyond what is expected of them to deliver outstanding service to the customer.Engaged employees feel inspired by their work, they are customer focused in their approach; they care about the future of the company and are prepared to invest their own effort to see that the organization succeeds (Cook, 2008). Engagement can be summed up by how positively the employee: Thinks about the organization; feels about the organization; proactive in relation to achieving organizational goals for customers, colleagues and other stakeholders. Employee loyalty can be divided into active and passive loyalty.The former refers to the subjective staff loyal to the company with the desire (Cook, 2008). This desire is often due to a high degree of organization and employee goals and now there are consistent with organizational help for employees‘ self-development and self-realization factors. Passive loyalty is when the employees themselves do not wish to remain in the organization, but due to some constraints, such as high wages and welfare, transportation, etc. , have to stay in the organization. Once these conditions disappear, the staff can no longer feel organizational loyalty (Cook, 2008).The basic elements of enterprise employees, their enthusiasm on behalf of corporate morale, awareness of their work reflected in the subtle strength of enterprises (Pepitone and Bruce, 1998). 1. 4. 2. 1 Wages and benefits systems Salaries and benefits in the eyes of employees affect their loyalty is one of the important factors. â€Å"Money is not the most important, but no doubt a very important†, whether corporate or professional loyalty, loyalty is established on the basis of material, good pay system to ensure the basic material needs of the employees, will have good professional loyalty, and corporate loyalty (Cook, 2008). 1. 4. . 2 Enterprise human resource management system As indicated above human resource management is compulsory for each company and one of the most important courses; how to send staff to the right on the job, motivate employees, training and study staff, will be affected to some extent, staff loyalty. In the development of the unscientific, resulting in unfair business, become a mere formality, which often occurs. Negative phenomena that affect the performance of their staff, or even result in employees slack, complain more, rumors filled the air, to lose morale. Figure 3 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Source: Maslow, (1943) 1. 4. 2. Retaining top employees Excellent staff should have: First, high loyalty, company loyalty by recognizing the company’s values, to share weal and woe, and common development; second, right attitude, initiative, and study to make improvements, work hard and willing to do, know that they are doing, those things that do and should not do, great development potential; Third, professional ability, can work independently, with skill, and can continue to improve (McKeown, 2002). The roles of great employees are being productive and increased passion for and commit ment to the organization‘s vision, strategy and goals (Cook, 2008, p. 31-32). . 4. 3 Employee Motivation Motivating employees was highlighted as an indispensable part of HRM in many studies (e. g. Pinnington and Edwards, 2000; Dessler, 1997; Stone, 2005). Pinnignton and Edwards (2000) divided motivational incentives into two parts: motivating individuals and motivating groups. The former one pays the attention on individual needs and the later one highlight the equity principia. Some incentives played big roles in motivational process, for instance, the good communication between organization and employees (e. g. Ivancevich, Konopaske and Matteson, 2008; Stone, 2005; Dessler, 1997), High Job satisfaction (e. . Lambert, Hogan and Barton, 2001; Wright and Bonett, 2007), Good Payment and treatment (Carpenter and Sanders, 2004) and so on. Meanwhile, relating to the interesting issue on employee turnover often happened in the company, job satisfaction is one kind of factor that inf luences the turnover intent of employees. Lambert, Hogan and Barton (2001) pointed out that job satisfaction is a key mediating variable between the work environment and turnover intent, and suggested that managers take the focus on the work environment to improve employee’s job satisfaction, and ultimately lower turnover intent.Carpenter and Sanders (2004) opined that the investment in TMT (Top Management Team) could be way for attracting and retain talent for organization. Thus, it is required, and should be considered into the HRM process too. 1. 4. 4 Employee satisfaction Employee satisfaction is mainly concern with the satisfactions that derived from the individual as a professional person. One common research finding is that job satisfaction is correlated with life satisfaction (Rain, et al, 1991). This correlation is reciprocal, meaning people who are satisfied with their lives tend to be satisfied with their jobs vice visa.However, some research have argued this conce pt that that job satisfaction is not significantly related to life satisfaction because of their variable such as nonworking satisfaction and core self-evaluations are taken into account (Rode, J. C. 2004). Organization member to its operating characteristic is the cognitive evaluation. Employees get through the more realistic values and expectations of the gap between the values obtained after the meeting whether or not all aspects of work attitudes are emotional responses.This consists of the extent of firm involvement and related motivational activities (Saari, L. M. , & Judge, T. A. , 2004). Burgoon, Buller, & Woodall, (1996) one of the most suitable means of influencing employees satisfaction is the manners at which superior relate and communicate with subordinators. The meshing and mashing of interpersonal relationships between the two distinctive groups or status plays a significant roles in terms of respect, attractions, formative impression or emotional expression, deceptio ns and social influences (Burgoon, Buller, & Woodall, 1996).Weiss and Cropanzano, (1996) inferred that such immediacy and friendliness will cumulate the essential elements of job satisfaction (Weiss and Cropanzano, 1996). The way employee’s feels and thought that their jobs being appreciated are very much essential in terms of employees job satisfactions (Organ, D. W. , & Ryan, K. , 1995); turnover (Saari & Judge, 2004); and absenteeism (Wegge, et al, 2007). Job satisfactions ultimately looks at the general aspects of satisfactions employees gained from their work in entirety (Mount & Johnson, 2006)